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The Scarlet Letter is a novel written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne and published in 1850.The story takes place in the Puritan Boston of the mid 17th century and revolves around a woman named Hester Prynne,who conceived a child out of wedlock and was forced to wear a scarlet letter \'A\' (Adulreress) which condemns her to alife of struggle and humiliation. 

The novel deals with the social and moral themes typical of the time and geographical setting.Puritanism was a way of life in rhose days especially in Massachusettsand many women and men faced trials and punishrnenr for their "sins" and "misconducrs".The story centres on Hester and her daughter and how she deals with her morherhood as a social outcast,but the author rakes every chance he gets to comment on morality,human nature,legality and guilt. 

Tbe Scarlet Letter was received well by critics,with the obligatory outcry from religious leaders for the risqué subject matter of the story, but nevertheless enjoyed a resounding commercial success amongst readers.Ir was one of the first mass-produced books in America,rapidly becoming a symbol of the renaissance of American literature in the 19th century.

 

Nathaniel Hawthorne\'s work has endured the test of time for the human appeal of his stories and the deep psychological complexity of his characters. 

The Picture of Dorian Gray was written by lrish author Osear Wilde (1854-1900).The novel was first published in 1890 in the July issue of Lippincotts Monthly Magazíne, and later in a longer and revised book form in 1891. 

Basil Hallward is an artist looking for inspiration when he meets Dorian Gray,and impressed by his beauty he decides to make me young man the subject of a full portrait.A friendship rapidly blossoms and through Basil,Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton,an hedonistic aristoerat living only for sensual fulfillment.Young Dorian is swayed by mis philosophy and begins to live the life of a libertine in the eonstant seareh for pleasure. 

The Picture of Dorian Gray eaused outrage in British reviewers and readers alike for its alleged immorality and indeeeney,and sparked in Osear Wilde a furious defenee of the ereative proeess and the importanee of freedom in artistic expression.

 

Nevertheless,me book suffered so me eensorship in its first release,bur later was revised and expanded by the author ro fix this issue. 

Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) was the pseudonym of English mathematician and writer Charles Lutwidge Dogson.His fragile health and intellectual curiosity led him to develop a shy and withdrawn personality that clashed with the adults around him,although he always felt at ease amongst children. 

His most famous works are Alice in Wonderland (1865) and its continuation,through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There (1871),both filled with magic and fantasy and written especially for kids.The author achieved great commercial success with his noveIs and became one of the most quoted English writers,after Shakespeare. 

In Alice in Wonderland, the world of the adults,the incomprehensible real world,boring and complex for children,quickly makes way for a more interesting and colourfullandscape,full with strange characters and amazing adventures for Alice and her readers.

 

Carroll was a master of literary nonsense,as a way of subverting language conventions or logical reasoning,creating a very thin line between humour and surrealism to emphasize the whimsical nature of his fantasy.Paradoxes and word play are a staple of the author\'s work,captivating children and adults alike and all over the world. 

The Metamorphosis is arguably Franz Kafka\'s most recognized literary work. Published in Germany in 1915 as Die Verwandlung,this dark short novel or novella,has made its way as one of the most important works of literary fiction of the 20th Century. 

Gregor Samsa,a traveling salesman living with his family in Prague-part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at that time,wakes up one day to find himself transformed, without rhyme or reason,into an indescribable creature.Understandably,Gregor Samsa\'s life changes abruptly and dramatically and the novel focuses in how this change affects the mind of the protagonist and the ones around him. 

This situation is very taxing on Gregor and his family,but is handled by the author and the characters very naturally,very stoically,as if there\'s nothing to do about it but to move on and make the best of it.This way of handling life and the impossible situations it brings is very particular of Kafka and his narrative.

 

He often explored the mundanity through tragedy and insurmountable odds-many times to the point of absurdity as a way of exposing human nature and commenting on society and the surrounding world. 

Moby Dick;the Whale is the work of American writer and poet,Herman Melville (1819-1891).Best known simply as Moby Dick, the novel narrates the story of Ahab,Captain of the whaler Pequod and his quest to kill rhe great white whale that gives the novel its name,as revenge for sinking his previous vessel and losing one of his legs. 

Melville relied on his experiences at sea,to craft a very complex and thorough narrative about whaling and me hardships of being a sailor,especially one on the hunt for the greatest creatures the oceans have ever seen.He also delved deeply into historical texts,scientific papers and personal interviews,in order to build and maintain the realness of his story,and also to bring the written page closer and closer to existence. 

Moby Dick was not a commercial success during the author\'s lifetime,as critics in England where the novel was first published-were less rhan welcoming to the literary devices ofMelville and his tale of revenge.

The new century brought a renewed interest in undiscovered and rerlooked American literature,especially amongst academic circles

To the Lighthouse is me fifth novel by English modernist writer Virginia Woolf(1882-1941).Published in 1927,the novel narrates the visits of the Ramsay family ro the Isle of Skye in Scodand between 1910 and 1920. 

1he story follows the tradition of modernist Iiterarure,focusing on philosophical introspection and stream of consciousness narration over plot,Like her contemporaries James Joyce and Mareel Proust,Virginia Woolf\'s goal was to make an aecurate depietion of the eomplexity of human relationships and the emotional spaces people inhabit through life. 

To the Lighthouse adheres to this literary teehnique,but still maintains the story of the Ramsays and the events that unfold in their summer home during two days separated by ten years. 1he aetion shifts point of view several times and has very little dialogue,and yet retains the attention of the reader by the emotional threads of its charaeters and rheir thoughts. 

1he plot of me novelas simple as ir is bears many similarities with Virginia Woolf\'s life,as she used her writing to understand and de al with unresolved issues with her family.To the Lighthouse is eonsidered today one of Virginia Woolf\'s best works,and a great example of modernist sensibilities. 

Cristóbal Colón unió así su nombre a otros ensanchadores del mundo conocido, como Alejandro Magno y Marco Polo. Su permanente y sostenida confusión acerca de hacia dónde viajó, no fue óbice para que con su acción se duplicara el mapamundi y alentó sobremanera la inteligencia europea, la que, una vez consciente (o sin llegar a estarlo totalmente) de los yerros del navegante genovés, emprendió la otra aventura, la de la conquista y evangelización de los hombres autóctonos de las tierras descubiertas. Una enorme empresa mercantil y política se puso en marcha para perjuicio de las culturas originales del continente suramericano y beneficio de los bolsillos de muchos en el viejo continente. Como han estado contestes la mayoría de los historiadores, la falta de documentos es la causa principal de que muchas respuestas y preguntas sobre los viajes colombinos permanezcan aún en las sombras de las dudas y las conjeturas. De esta forma, el diario del primero de los viajes del Almirante de la Mar Océana se convierte en el texto cardinal de la epopeya.

Con la presente selección de ejercicios se pretende ofrecer al estudiante que ya posee un conocimiento del español básico, un material que le permita consolidar algunos aspectos del idioma ya estudiados y profundizar en el estudio de la sintaxis y del lexíco, propio de un estadio superior en el aprendizaje del idioma.

Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) es quizás uno de los físicos más famosos de todos los tiempos. Su teoría de la relatividad, junto con la mecánica cuántica, es uno de los pilares fundamentales de la física moderna. Además contribuyó mucho a la percepción y profundización de la filosofía de la ciencia, encaminando el pensamiento científico hacia campos antes dominados por la filosofía y teología, promoviendo la búsqueda de las verdades y los misterios del universo a través de la ciencia aplicada. Los textos de este volumen son una muestra del pensamiento de Albert Einstein, una selección de cartas, charlas, discursos, ensayos y artículos que no solo humanizan a su intelecto excepcional, sino que ahondan en la variedad de intereses, ideas y preocupaciones de su autor.